Immunofluorescence Protocol

*IMPORTANT: Please refer to the APPLICATIONS section on the data sheet to determine IF THIS PRODUCT is validated and approved for the specific protocol you will be using.

A. Solutions and Reagents
NOTE: Prepare solutions with Milli-Q or equivalently purified water.
1. 10X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS): To prepare 1 L add 80 g sodium chloride (NaCl), 2 g potassium chloride (KCl), 14.4 g sodium phosphate, dibasic (Na2HPO4) and 2.4 g potassium phosphate, monobasic (KH2PO4) to 1 L dH2O. Adjust pH to 7.4.
2. Formaldehyde, 16%, methanol free, use fresh, store opened vials at 4°C in dark, dilute in PBS for use.
3. Xylene
4. Ethanol, anhydrous denatured, histological grade, 100% and 95%
5. Distilled water (dH2O)
6. 1X PBS/0.3% Triton X-100 (PBS/Triton): To prepare 1 L, add 100 ml 10XPBS to 900 ml dH2O. Add 3 ml Triton X-100 and mix.
7. 10 mM Sodium Citrate Buffer: To prepare 1 L, add 2.94 g sodium citrate trisodium salt dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7•2H2O) to 1 L dH2O. Adjust pH to 6.0.
8. 1X PBS, high salt (0.4M) (high salt PBS): To prepare 1L, add 100 ml 10XPBS to 900 ml dH2O. Add 23.38 g NaCl and mix.
9. Fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibody
NOTE: When using any primary or fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibody for the first time, titrate the antibody to determine which dilution allows for the strongest specific signal with the least background for your sample.
10. Vectashield Mounting Medium (Vector Labs, Burlingame, CA, cat# H-1000) or Vectashield Mounting Medium with DAPI (cat# H-1200)

B Specimen Preparation
I. Cultured Cell Lines (IF-IC)
IMPORTANT: Please check the APPLICATIONS section of the data sheet to verify that this product is validated and approved for (IF-IC).
NOTE: This general fixation protocol will work with most antibodies and cell lines. However, we recommend you try different IF/IC fixation methods (methanol or acetone alone, aldehyde alone, or combinations of these) to identify the optimal fixation protocol for each antibody and/or cell line.
NOTE: Cells should be grown, treated, fixed, and stained directly in multiwell plates, chamber slides, or on coverslips.
1. Rinse cells briefly in PBS.
2. Aspirate PBS, cover cells to a depth of 2-3 mm with 2-4% formaldehyde in PBS.
NOTE: Formaldehyde is toxic, use only in fume hood.
3. Allow cells to fix for 15 minutes at room temperature.
4. Aspirate fixative, rinse three times in PBS for 5 minutes each.
OPTION: After formaldehyde fixation, cover cells with ice-cold 100% methanol (use enough to cover cells completely to a depth of 3-5 mm, DO NOT LET CELLS DRY), incubate cells in methanol for 10 minutes in freezer, rinse in PBS for 5 minutes.
5. Proceed with Immunostaining section C.

II. Paraffin Sections (IF-P)
IMPORTANT: Please check the APPLICATIONS section of the data sheet to verify that this product is validated and approved for (IF-P).
Deparaffinization/Rehydration:
1. Incubate sections in three washes of xylene for 5 minutes each.
2. Incubate sections in two washes of 100% ethanol for 10 minutes each.
3. Incubate sections in two washes of 95% ethanol for 10 minutes each.
4. Rinse sections twice in dH2O for 5 minutes each.
Antigen Unmasking:
1. Place slides in room temperature 10 mM sodium citrate buffer pH 6.0.
2. Bring slides to boiling in sodium citrate buffer using water bath or microwave,
then maintain at 95-99°C for 10 minutes.
3. Cool slides for 30 minutes on bench top.
4. Rinse sections in dH2O three times for 5 minutes each.
5. Rinse sections in PBS for 5 minutes.
6. Proceed with Immunostaining in section C.

III. Frozen/Cryostat Sections (IF-F)
IMPORTANT: Please check the APPLICATIONS section of the data sheet to verify that this product is validated and approved for (IF-F).
NOTE: Fresh frozen/unfixed sections should be fixed immediately in 2-4% formaldehyde as follows to preserve signaling epitopes.
1. Cover sections with 2-4% formaldehyde in PBS
NOTE: Formaldehyde is toxic, use only in fume hood.
2. Allow cells to fix for 15 minutes at room temperature.
3. Rinse slides three times in PBS for 5 minutes each.

C. Immunostaining
NOTE: All subsequent incubations should be carried out at room temperature unless otherwise noted in a humid light-tight box or covered dish/plate to prevent drying and fluorochrome fading.
1. Block specimen in 5% normal serum from same species as secondary antibody (eg. normal goat serum, normal donkey serum) in PBS/Triton for 60 minutes.
2. While blocking, prepare primary antibody by diluting as indicated on datasheet in PBS/Triton. You will need 50-100 μl per section, 25-50 μl per coverslip, chamber, or well (48 or 96 well plate).
3. Aspirate blocking solution, apply diluted primary antibody.
NOTE: For double-labeling, prepare a cocktail of mouse and rabbit primary antibodies at their appropriate dilutions in PBS/Triton.
4. Incubate overnight at 4°C.
5. Rinse three times in PBS for 5 minutes each.
OPTION: To decrease background stain, rinse in high salt PBS for two minutes between second and third PBS rinses. Be aware, this may reduce specific staining of some antibodies.
NOTE: If using primary antibodies directly conjugated with fluorochromes, then skip to step C8.
6. Incubate in fluorochrome-conjugated secondary antibody diluted in PBS/Triton for 1-2 hours at room temperature in dark.
NOTE: For double-labeling, prepare a cocktail of fluorochrome-conjugated anti-mouse and anti-rabbit primary antibodies at their appropriate dilutions in PBS/Triton.
7. Rinse in PBS/high salt PBS as in step 5.
8. Coverslip slides with Vectashield Mounting Medium or apply just enough to cover cells in multiwell plate.
9. Seal slides by painting around edges of coverslips with nail polish.
10. Examine specimens immediately using appropriate excitation wavelength, depending on fluorochrome for best results or store flat at 4°C in dark.